What surprised you? Still, the fixed link approach, particularly when several are used to create different contexts and make the task more difficult, is a very feasible alternative. Enough about the bubblebag, except, perhaps, to note how wonderfully hituppable it is—different than a balloon or beach ball. What is the clearest violation of the law? Next, state how you plan to deal with each problem, numbering each solution to agree with the problem it addresses. Individuals played within their typical roles, partners in the limelight, associates following behind, support staff on the ground, belaying everyone else. Because role playing is about the experience of practicing a skill or encountering a situation, the advice is equally applicable here. we could hand out Dramamine.” “Yes, but . There are three types of mistakes: pausing too long before saying something; saying something that doesn’t fit into the category; or saying something that has already been said. Balancing Positive and Negative Experiences People learn from success as well as from mistakes. Hughes, M., Patterson, B., & Terrell, J. What feelings did they have during the experience? Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods, Vol. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9, 319–335. With his partner, Ian Schubach, they provide high mountain climbing and African safari adventures. Helping individuals practice reframing thoughts to focus on gains is a useful exercise to build resiliency. (1983, 1991, 1997). Many involve some form of physical activity, so they are a useful way to counter post-lunch lethargy. TRUE OR FALSE. Or can you work with more simplicity and elegance? Here are some suggestions for improving your chances of being successful. • Determine their background. How real does it need to be? 3. She began work in a glove factory at age 14 – 1880   Seventeen workers are killed as methane explodes in a water tunnel under construction in Sylmar, Calif. – 1971, June 12 Fifty thousand members of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen employed in meatpacking plants walk off their jobs; demands include equalization of wages and conditions throughout U.S. plants – 1904, June 13 Congress creates a Bureau of Labor, under the Interior Department. Founder of The StoryNet, Kat is the co-director of The Thiagi Playhouse. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Strategies for adjusting to a foreign culture and maintaining self-esteem are also part of this ability. Are the most appropriate people in the group? Parables help explain and diffuse seemingly complex or threatening issues and provide memorable lessons that can be applied to life. If they already have considerable experience in this area, keep your work at a more challenging level to maintain their interest. Participants leave the process with a richer understanding of what they need to do to improve their own ability to influence and motivate, especially in times of change. An example is a visit to Hector Peterson Memorial and Museum to the student protests during apartheid in Soweto, South Africa, that the Umsobomvu Youth Fund (UYF) includes as part of its youth development basic program. Known as the “Battle of Toledo,” the clash left two strikers dead and more than 200 injured. Use your answers to these questions to influence your client on this point, if appropriate. At the end of the simulation, participants face the financial results of their decisions and a performance review by the company’s board of directors. The strike was crushed, Irons was blacklisted and he died broken-down and penniless. 1 (pp. As members of a group create a shared history, lots and lots of stories will naturally emerge. Initially, learners can express discomfort playing Soundball. Thirteen are formed in the state over a 25-year period. The cycle of testing and refining the solution, asking ever more detailed questions about the ultimate design, including the parameters around the interactions, increasing the level of sophistication of the prototype, and cycling through expert testing and user testing, until you achieve your (potentially revised) metrics, is the process that leads to a successful solution. Ask GURU questions of yourself and you’ll open the door for continuous learning. Increasing the chances for a successful experience implies that participants are alerted to potential misunderstandings because of differences in behaviors, including communication styles. The company’s situation was not dissimilar to the majority of organizations on the cusp of a major change initiative. Based on fourteen years of research and observation, Coping with Difficult People offers proven, effective techniques guaranteed to help you right the balance in bad relationships and take charge of your life. When the group is in a positive state, I frequently follow this process: Growing Happiness • Ask them to reflect on how they are enjoying their lives. The degree to which an individual preps for his or her position often correlates with the ability to manage and digest complex and ambiguous information, which then plays out behaviorally in the simulation. Attach the Role Play to a Learning Objective Although this principle seems obvious on the surface, too many trainers ignore it. And we’ve got plenty of time to think and talk about it on our descent back to base camp before nightfall. A good example of this solution comes from Edward de Bono, who realized that there can be a lot of wasted energy in free-flowing meetings that become chaotic and argumentative. “We’ve got lots to talk about, people, particularly what went wrong. The same should be done with characters in role play. We’ve developed learning points for our other simulations as well. This definition is probably no better than the definitions that I was criticizing earlier. Owner Frank Lorenzo refuses to consider the unions’ demands; Eastern ultimately went out of business – 1989, British soldiers, quartered in the homes of colonists, took the jobs of working people when jobs were scarce. Whenever the guide hears something that he wants to know more about, he says, “Color the. In his words, Interface would “be the first company that, by its deeds, shows the entire industrial world what sustainability is in all its dimensions: People, process, product, place, and profits— by 2020—and in doing so, become restorative through the power of influence.” Everything would change—not just the products, manufacturing methods, installation, and disposal techniques, but also the structures, systems, and culture required to support Interface in this audacious pursuit. Improvisers use themselves fully. Staley plant gate one year into the company’s two-and-a-half-year lockout of Paperworkers Local 7837 – 1994, Members of the American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. Debs, refuse to handle Pullman cars, in solidarity with Pullman strikers. These larger versions allow people to walk around Dynamic Debriefing 77 their maps with facilitative partners. Determining goals—Once the key problem or issue has been identified, the group searches for the goal, the achievement of which would solve the reframed problem for the long term with positive rather than negative consequences for the individual, team, or organization. • Keep your examples as practical for them as possible. You will find an extended discussion of debriefing in Chapter 3 in this handbook. Needless to say, such recommendations are easier said than done. The trainer then continues: “Better results are obtained with less effort. Confidence grows even more when participants master exercises of increasing levels of difficulty. Also determine secondary stakeholders and the extent to which a role exists for them in the simulation. They are not allowed through the gates – 1903, Nineteen firefighters die while responding to a blaze at the Shamrock Oil and Gas Corp. refinery in Sun Ray, Texas – 1956   Following a 5-year table grape boycott, Delano-area growers file into the United Farm Workers union hall in Delano, Calif., to sign their first union contracts – 1970, July 17 Two ammunition ships explode at Port Chicago, Calif., killing 322, including 202 African-Americans assigned by the Navy to handle explosives. Unfortunately, the prevalence of teams obscures the complexity and the logical request to “improve my team” leads people to assume that there is a simple, one-size-fits-all, “let’s do it in an afternoon” solution. Our intuitions have told us that learning should be engaging, and we have research about the effectiveness. Just as there are different kinds of experiential learning, so there are different kinds of facilitation. • Budget Management. For example: In my role play train-the-trainer, the chief debriefing point is not about which points of view about role play are right and which are wrong. The purpose of debriefing is to create shared understanding and to make meaning, individually and collectively, of what happened in the simulation experience. Even if you are not the one telling a story, it is your job as a facilitator to guide participants to share their stories with the appropriate amount of detail. This effort demonstrates how interdisciplinary research that combines story lines, learning objectives, and candidate artifacts from local cultural collections can support research and development in the production of compelling story-driven games. Sometimes we reject ideas because we believe they are not creative enough. Elections follow. They differentiate between strategic and tactical decisions they made, explore the differences between their management and leadership behaviors, and receive group-level feedback on group performance measures. Moreover, verbal and non-verbal, cognitive and emotional facets of interpersonal communications are reflected. Give participants a reason for an activity before starting. Yet, in this hectic and chaotic world, everything else can seem more urgent than seeking out feedback or taking the time to reflect on one’s experience. Carlos told me that he gained increased respect and influence at work and at home. Some have been through similar interpersonal awareness and skill activities in previous training and complain, “I’ve already done this.” Some activities may be premature for a less-experienced group. In my situation as bicycle teacher, I asked myself what was working or not working about making turns. If you have given them any learning aid that shows them what to do, ask them to put the aid away and try the skill without it. Novice designers might want to start with brief icebreakers, energizers, and closing activities to become comfortable with the design process. What is of some use to experiential learning theory is not necessarily the formulas themselves, but rather the general idea that narration can be algorithmically represented in a fashion suitable for finite state representation or for the application of graph or pathfinding theories. UPWA merged with the Meatcutters union in 1968, which merged with the Retail Clerks in 1979 to form the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) – 1943, GM agrees to hire more women and minorities for five years as part of a settlement with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – 1983, The National Association of Letter Carriers achieves equalization of wages for all letter carriers, meaning city delivery carriers began receiving the same wages regardless of the size of the community in which they worked – 1949, The J.P. Stevens textile company is forced to sign its first union contract after a 17-year struggle in North Carolina and other southern states – 1980, Eugene V. Debs, U.S. labor leader and socialist, dies in Elmhurst, Ill. • Who will be presenting the problem? This helps focus, and also helps provide specific feedback. One involves having participants plan for conditions that might thwart their progress. Needham, D. R., & Begg, I. M. (1991). People often hold contradictory attitudes or beliefs without being aware of the contradiction. – Conversation with the Sidhe, David Spangler. As they would try to engage me in my role and ask for information, I would use one of the responses from the prepared cards. The forces driving or pushing against the current state are counter-balanced by restraining forces. 2. Eight thousand workers labored on the project; 77 died – 1941, Eight hundred striking workers at Brown & Sharpe in Kingstown, R.I. are tear-gassed by state and local police in what was to become a losing 17-year-long fight by the Machinists union – 1982, A 32-day lockout of major league baseball players ends with an agreement to raise the minimum league salary from $68,000 to $100,000 and to study revenue-sharing between owners and players – 1990, A bitter six-and-a-half-year UAW strike at Caterpillar Inc. ends. The best team members are willing to start from a position of basic trust in their teammates. Bruce Babbitt repeatedly deployed state police and National Guardsmen to assist the company over the course of the strike, which broke the union – 1983   Amalgamated Clothing & Textile Workers Union merges with Int’l Ladies’ Garment Workers Union to form Union of Needletrades, Industrial & Textile Employees – 1995   Int’l Chemical Workers Union merges with United Food & Commercial Workers Int’l Union – 1996   The Newspaper Guild merges with Communications Workers of America – 1997   United American Nurses affiliate with the AFL-CIO – 2001, June 19 Eight-hour work day adopted for federal employees – 1912   AFL President Sam Gompers and Secretary of War Newton Baker sign an agreement establishing a three-member board of adjustment to control wages, hours and working conditions for construction workers employed on government projects. I am going to look at the bigger picture and how team performance fits into that picture, because it is only with this context that we have a chance to break the vicious cycle of team building described above. It is the best-known way to help participants both experience certain feelings and practice certain skills. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Empathy can be a wonderful byproduct of stories. Different types of interactive lectures incorporate built-in quizzes, interspersed tasks, teamwork interludes, and participant control of the presentation. Blohm, J. M. (2005). It also means those individuals will be accountable when they aren’t as successful. Provide a brief sample of what the activity looks like. Learning by direct experience should continue throughout a person’s lifespan. Showing enthusiasm and interest shows that you believe in 134 The Handbook of Experiential Learning what you are doing. But I would like you all to know that I also know about a lot of things other than African culture and blacks in the South African workplace. : Did you hear the one about the supervisor and the new employee who bump into each other in a bar? With a sigh, Jerry hangs up and reports that his wife couldn’t find the necessary papers. Project Adventure is credited with having significantly popularized ropes courses in the Seventies and Eighties, with many other organizations developing and sophisticating the field today. . Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida. Jentsch, F., & Bowers, C.A., (1998). How and why did these three stories become associated with one another? The real challenge, however, lies ahead for them as the entire group is engaged in a negotiation in which the win-win solution is not as obvious. That way, management will trust that trainees will find a connection between their new skills and the organization’s goals and priorities. In that role, she had overall responsibility for CCL’s flagship public offering, the Leadership Development Program (LDP), as well as The Looking Glass Experience. If appropriate, a session can end back in the whole group, with each individual invited to speak. If so, how? Two strikers died and more than 200 were injured. 13–36). The peer feedback session also provides an element of assessment, enabling participants to get a “fix” on their strengths and opportunities for development—as seen through the eyes of their peers in the learning experiences. The successful strike lasted 150 days, one of the longest in industry history – 1988, Musicians strike Broadway musicals and shows go dark when actors and stagehands honor picket lines. Narrative Theory Using the principles of narrative theory, we examine a framework of representation that is natively intuitive and familiar to anyone who has ever told a story in order to illustrate a point or to clarify an example. • Know what they want and what they need. He has held a number of senior management, training, and marketing positions with organizations such as Grolier, American Society for Training and Development, Association Management Inc., Overseas Education Fund, TradeTec, and U.S. Office of Personnel Management. What made that feel unfair to you? As the holes are developed and the course laid out, your job, as the golf pro, is to coach each team of hole-makers on how to use everything in their junk pile, and anything else they can find, to create their own golf hole and golf equipment. DuBois, educator and civil rights activist, born – 1868, The National Marine Engineers Association (now the Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association), representing deck and engine officers on U.S. flag vessels, is formed at a convention in Cleveland, Ohio – 1875, The Journeyman Bakers’ National Union receives its charter from the American Federation of Labor – 1887, William Randolph Hearst’s San Francisco Examiner began publishing articles on the menace of Japanese laborers, leading to a resolution in the California legislature that action be taken against their immigration – 1904, Woody Guthrie wrote “This Land Is Your Land” following a frigid trip—partially by hitchhiking, partially by rail—from California to Manhattan. She also serves as R&D group director of individual leader development. The strike was called off in April after manufacturers agreed not to discriminate against workers for joining a union – 1913, In Allegany County, MD, workers with the Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal era public works program employing unmarried men aged 18-25, are snowbound at Fifteen Mile Creek Camp S-53 when they receive a distress call about a woman in labor who needs to get to a hospital. In a diverse group with multiple learning styles, the solution is likely to be the appropriate sequencing of cognitive and experiential activities to achieve the best results. What about the experience? “Learning style” is only one of many possible explanations—and the wise facilitator will already know the importance of ensuring that debriefings result in full engagement of all learning styles, no matter what the profile of people’s learning style preferences might be. A total of 34 American Railway Union members were killed by troops over the course of the strike – 1894, A powerful explosion rips through the Rolling Mill coal mine in Johnstown, Pa., killing 112 miners, 83 of whom were immigrants from Poland and Slovakia – 1902, The San Francisco Chamber of Commerce holds a mass meeting of more than 2,000 merchants to organize what was to become a frontal assault on union strength and the closed shop. I do not refer to them as games, even though they are game-like for the following reasons: • The word “game” evokes feelings and expectations that I think make it difficult to design effective simulations. 114 The Handbook of Experiential Learning Such a rich play experience can lead to an even richer learning experience about individual and collective behavior, about the dynamics of cooperation and competition, about the uses of resources and responsiveness to individual differences, about success and failure, and more. Some people are skillful negotiators, excellent listeners, clear direction-givers—but only when they don’t have to perform under pressure. They come in many forms: a complete, ready-to-use exercise (such as a game); a comprehensive resource on one topic (such as conflict management) containing a variety of methods and approaches; or a collection of like-minded activities (such as icebreakers) on multiple subjects and situations. Some important informal or independent reflection may have already taken place. Returning again to the emergency personnel training scenario, the use of the video allowed the learners to review their own performance. This matters. Because there are a variety of visible and invisible disabilities, the best— perhaps only—process is to ask participants before the session in enough time for you to alter the activity or replace it. Learners read a handout or a manual and play a game that uses peer pressure and peer support to encourage recall and transfer of what they read. The full, actual language of each law is presented—without elaboration by the editor—and a helpful topic finder at the back of the book tells you which laws apply to basic concerns and classes of workers.) 286 The Handbook of Experiential Learning 2. Thiagarajan, S. (2003). Neuroscience, 5, 195–206. Jerry agrees with this great idea, but then realizes that he has left his phone at home too! He focused on the inequities between the “portion of society living in luxury and idleness” and those “groaning under the oppressions and miseries imposed on them.” – 1829, Tennessee sends in leased convict laborers to break a coal miners strike in Anderson County. Contact Information Team-ing with Success 25252 Quail Croft Place Leesburg, FL 34748 (352) 365–0378 [email protected] www.team-ing.com 124 Learning Games 125 T HERE’S NO DENYING that learning games are a mainstream approach for conducting training sessions these days. The simulation can incorporate the types of decisions, relationships, and tools (or reasonable abstractions of those tools) that will play a role in the future organization. Resolving Conflict In conflict situations, people often overlook the possibility of win-win solutions. The facilitator then simply tells the participants that, whenever they are ready, they should start the meeting. As such, Debriefing 1 serves as a beneficial catharsis. An especially compelling way that improvisers are teaching individuals to expand their performance ranges is by exploring “status” behaviors. Chief Justice (and former president) William Howard Taft declared that picketing was, in part, “an unlawful annoyance and hurtful nuisance…” – 1921, A group of building trades unions from the Midwest meet in St. Louis to form the National Building Trades Council. McCall, M., & Lombardo, M. (1978). They may create personal discomfort, add time and stress to work assignments, and require extensive knowledge acquisition and training. The society of mind. Elementary and secondary schools in the United States, Europe, and Asia now use action learning for staff development and teaching purposes. we’re never going to please everyone.” “Yes, but . I was in a complete fog of pain, depression, and despair. Marquardt, M. (2000). I use engagement as the term to characterize an experience that is enjoyable, that makes us want more, that we might even be willing to pay for. It was close in some respects to the tasks that the engineers normally performed, but different enough to find ways to remove unnecessary detail and focus on the underlying concept. The evening ended with a rendering of “Nearer, My God, to Thee,” the hymn being played as the ship went down. Included: Horse-tail painter (to make the tails stand out better in the movies); bone-bleacher (for animal skeletons in Westerns); and chorus-girl weigher, whose function the article did not make terribly clear – 1936, Sailors aboard the S.S. California, docked in San Pedro, Calif., refuse to cast off the lines and allow the ship to sail until their wages are increased and overtime paid. It must take at least fifteen minutes and be purposeful. If there is a blatant contradiction between stories we tell and how we act, we will ruin the climate of trust, openness, and reflection we have created by working with stories. The group should have diversity of background and experience so as to acquire various perspectives and to encourage fresh viewpoints. Thus, participants can both hear and see the information. They were a large multinational hardware and software company whose success was unparalleled in the Eighties and early Nineties. This problem then becomes the basis for real-life problem solving in your instruction. The activities were nearly bottomless springs in their potential to find strengths and development areas for groups. But even if it is beneficial, the chances are that a multistage debrief does not feel “experiential” when the original experience is no longer central to the debriefing. ); it is more convenient and versatile—it can be used almost anywhere; it keeps involvement and energy high; it is an exercise in memory, creativity, and teamwork; it brings out humor and honesty; it provides opportunities for leadership, interviewing, and commentating; and it can be used as a search technique to find incidents or issues to debrief more thoroughly. So participants realize from this simple exercise that people may often withhold feedback from each other . Once we have that context, we are in a position to design and deliver the best possible team-learning events. Before participating in this exercise, someone may not have associated these stories with one another. Don’t lose sight of those standards as your project nears completion. In fact, I have been in situations in which a single word becomes associated with a story already known by the group or that has emerged from my time with them. 6. Once you have identified a game, think about the components of that game, and begin to apply the junkyard concepts to it. At first, the idea of playing a role—giving a performance—in our real, everyday lives may seem uncomfortable. 4. Their ranks swell to 8,300 as they are joined by members of the Japanese Federation of Labor – 1920, Yuba City, Calif., labor contractor Juan V. Corona found guilty of murdering 25 itinerant farm workers he employed during 1970 and 1971 – 1973, Bruce Springsteen makes an unannounced appearance at a benefit for laid-off 3M workers, Asbury Park, N.J. – 1986, Chicago Crib Disaster—A fire breaks out during construction of a water tunnel for the city of Chicago, burning the wooden dormitory housing the tunnel workers. Beware, however, of prematurely converging on an engine for its appeal; if you adapt the decisions to the engine, instead of the other way around, or add extrinsic tasks (I’m reminded of a medical scenario set in a hospital where you had to operate an elevator, completely irrelevant), you are violating the principles of designing learning games. Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1990). The decision had little impact until Ronald Reagan’s replacement of striking air traffic controllers (PATCO) in 1981, a move that signaled anti-union private sector employers that it was OK to do likewise – 1938   Black labor leader and peace activist A. Philip Randolph dies. Labor reform organizations were advocating “cooperation” over “competitive” capitalism following the Civil War and several thousand cooperatives opened for business across the country during this era. As the role play went on, they realized that it sounded like I was using jargon to avoid responding to their questions. Assessment-Based Learning Activities (ABLA) require learners to complete a performance test and receive feedback about their technical competencies. The strike inspired aggressive teacher action in several other low-wage states including Oklahoma, Kentucky and Arizona – 2018, W.E.B. The sand drops down through a narrow crack before it falls into a wide basin below. Allow the receiver to talk. Audience members were split into two opposing groups of almost equal size. Thus, when lots of practice is important, so is a ruledriven experience. Generally considered a friend of labor, Kennedy a year earlier had issued Executive Order 10988, which authorized unionization and a limited form of collective bargaining rights for most federal workers (excluding the Department of Defense). All 550 workers honored the picket line for the entirety of the 6-year, 4-month, 10-day fight against management’s insistence on cutting wages and eliminating pensions – 1991, President Abraham Lincoln issues a preliminary proclamation warning that he will order the emancipation of all slaves in any state that does not end its rebellion against the Union by January 1, 1863 – 1862, Eighteen-year-old Hannah (Annie) Shapiro leads a spontaneous walkout of 17 women at a Hart Schaffner & Marx garment factory in Chicago. A Pond: a guide, but meaningful, on-point feedback, and installs flooring solutions throughout the methodology. White house compilation of Americans Nixon regarded as major political opponents and had become too?... • ask everyone to enter the story, they will decide whether you have have. Help in identifying their ongoing needs for support, interspersed tasks, teamwork and! Translate materials into a “ twoway ” communicator once people feel more relevant immediate. 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